土壤团聚体有机碳研究进展

土壤有机碳是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标,对于促进土壤养分循环、增加养分有效性有重要作用。土壤团聚体是土壤的重要组成部分,是组成土壤结构的最小单元,受到自然因素和人为因素的影响,其形成转化过程与土壤固碳过程息息相关,因而研究团聚体和有机碳的关系及团聚体有机碳影响因素对于土壤结构的改善和土壤质量的提升具有重要意义。本文通过对文献的总结,明晰了土壤团聚体和有机碳的关系,阐述了土壤类型、施肥方式、土地利用和矿区复垦对土壤团聚体有机碳的影响,并从生物质炭的长期定位研究和复垦矿区的土壤修复两方面对土壤团聚体有机碳的研究进行展望,研究结果可为合理的农业生产提供科学依据。     

Molecular identification of blast resistance genes in rice landraces from northeastern India

Rice blast disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most devastating diseases causing huge losses worldwide. In the present study, major blast resistance genes were investigated in landraces originating from northeastern India. Based on phenotypic evaluation, 288 landraces were classified into three distinct groups: resistant (75), moderately resistant (127) and susceptible (86). The genetic frequencies of the 18 major blast resistance genes were between 6.2% and 27.4%, with only two genotypes possessing a maximum of nine blast resistance genes. The cluster and population structure analysis grouped the landraces into two groups. Through principal coordinate analysis, the scatter plots partitioned the resistant and moderately resistant landraces into different groups. Analysis of molecular variance showed maximum (96%) diversity within populations and least (4%) diversity between populations. Association analysis identified six markers, CRG4_2, RM72, tk59-2, pi21_79-3, RM1233 and RM6648, that are significantly associated with blast disease and explained a phenotypic variance of 1.1–6.5%. The associated genes could be used in marker-assisted rice breeding programmes for gene pyramiding to develop rice varietal resistance against blast disease. The present study represents a valuable blast resistance genetic resource that could be used for identification of new R genes, donors for blast resistance, and genomic studies.     

基于经济效益与生态效益的食用菌产业优化评价

为了优化食用菌产业结构,促进食用菌产业的可持续发展。给出了调整优化食用菌产业结构、促进食用菌产业生态经济建设的一些措施;提出重视经济效益和生态效益,合理引导发展中小食用菌企业的思路。对食用菌产业优化和生态经济的发展具有一定的参考价值。     

特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品中氯的国标检测方法适用性

依据GB 5009.44—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中氯化物的测定》，对特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品中氯的检测方法适用性展开研究。结果表明：采用GB 5009.44—2016第三法（银量法）检测特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品中乳蛋白部分水解配方、乳蛋白深度水解配方、氨基酸配方得到的样品加标回收率分别为95%～108%、98%～125%、100%～106%，相对标准偏差为12.7%～32.9%；采用GB 5009.44—2016第一法（电位滴定法）得到的检测结果低于第三法检测结果。     

基于GM(1,1)的天然次生林空间结构预测

【目的】系统地分析已有天然次生林林分空间结构数据,通过灰色模型预测天然次生林林分空间结构各指标未来的发展趋势,对天然林经营具有十分重要的意义。【方法】以湖南大围山自然保护区典型次生林为研究对象,依据结构化森林经营理论,选取了混交度、竞争指数、角尺度、空间密度指数、开阔比数、大小比数、林分综合均质性指数作为天然次生林林分空间结构合理性评价与预测的量化指标,构建了基于GM(1,1)的天然次生林林分空间结构灰色预测模型。模型将2008年林分空间结构各指标的平均值作为初始值,并在研究区设置了面积为20 m×20 m的5个研究样地(M1,M2,M3,M4,M5),利用保护区2008-2018年典型样地林分空间信息,预测了研究区调研样地2019年-2021年林分空间结构各指标未来的变化趋势。【结果】利用精度检验机制对该模型的精确度进行了有效性检验,检验结果表明,所有指标预测合格概率P合=71.43%,良好的概率P良好=22.86%,优的概率P优=5.71%,表明该预测模型符合精度检验要求。【结论】样地未来3 a各指标整体变化尺度不大,林分空间结构基本稳定。从各指标在2008-2018年时空上的变化规律来看,各样地林分平均竞争指数、平均大小比数及平均空间密度指数是影响林分均质性指数的关键指标。     

Identifying and Characterizing a Novel Peritrophic Matrix Protein (MdPM-17) Associated With Antibacterial Response From the Housefly,Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

Peritrophic matrix/membrane (PM) critically prevents the midgut of insects from external invasion by microbes. The proteins in the peritrophic membrane are its major structural components. Additionally, they determine the formation and function of this membrane. However, the role of PM proteins in immune regulation is unclear. Herein, we isolated a novel PM protein (MdPM-17) from Musca domestica larvae. Further, the function of MdPM-17 in regulating host innate immunity was identified. Results showed that the cDNA of MdPM-17 full is 635 bp in length. Moreover, it consists of a 477-bp open reading frame encoding 158 amino acid residues. These amino acid residues are composed of two Chitin-binding type-2 domain (ChtBD2) and 19 amino acids as a signal peptide. Moreover, tissue distribution analysis indicates that MdPM-17 was enriched expressed in midgut, and moderate levels in the fat body, foregut, and malpighian tubule. Notably, MdPM-17 recombinant protein showed high chitin-binding capacity, thus belongs to the Class III PM protein group. MdPM-17 protein silencing via RNA interference resulted in the expression of antimicrobial peptide (defensin, cecropins, and diptericin) genes, and this occurred after oral inoculation with exogenous microbes Escherichia coli (Enterobacteriales:Enterobacteriaceae), Staphylococcus aureus (Bacillales:Staphylococcaceae), and Candida albicans (Endomycetales:Saccharomycetaceae)). Therefore, all the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene expression levels are high in MdPM-17-depleted larvae during microbial infection compared to controls. Consequently, these findings indicate that MdPM-17 protein is associated with the antibacterial response from the housefly.     

‘新海16’愈伤组织诱导及白霜的优化

为获得高品质、活力旺盛且具有分化能力的愈伤组织,本研究在已建立的海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense)‘新海16’再生体系基础上,以MSB附加0.1 mg/L 2,4-D及0.1 mg/L KT为基本培养基,采用单因素随机试验研究外植体不同部位、光照及培养基成分等对‘新海16’愈伤组织诱导的影响。结果表明:‘新海16’愈伤诱导的外植体选用下胚轴中上部绿色茎段诱导效果较优;除此之外,愈伤诱导效果最佳的处理为2 000 lx光照强度、90%MSB无机盐成分、3 g/L PVP及1.2~1.4 g/L Gelrite或Phytagel,均能够降低愈伤组织出现白霜现象,对愈伤组织疏松生长有促进作用。本研究通过优化愈伤组织的诱导方法,提高胚性愈伤组织发生率,为‘新海16’高频再生体系提供科学依据。     

叶蛋白研究进展

叶蛋白是一类从植物叶片中提取的蛋白质,一般其最终蛋白质得率占总叶蛋白的40%~60%,其脂肪含量低且不含胆固醇,是一类具有较高的营养价值和保健功能的蛋白质。本文概述了叶蛋白的多种来源,介绍了7种叶蛋白的提取方法,并对叶蛋白的脱毒、脱色、脱腥及营养价值进行了分析。同时还简述了叶蛋白在饲用、食用和医用方面的应用,以期为读者提供叶蛋白研究的最新进展。     

稻曲病菌Six1类效应蛋白UvSix1-1的功能研究

 稻曲病菌在侵染过程中会分泌大量的效应蛋白来帮助其侵染。本研究鉴定到一个稻曲病菌效应蛋白UvSix1-1,同源序列比对及系统发育分析发现其具有Six1蛋白保守的氨基酸位点,并与多个病原菌中的Six1蛋白具有同源性。进一步研究发现UvSix1-1可以抑制Bax、XEG1和INF1引起的烟草叶片细胞坏死,并且其预测的信号肽区域具有分泌功能,在烟草上瞬时表达UvSix1-1可以促进辣椒疫霉的定殖。对不同稻曲菌株中的序列进行分析,没有发现序列多态性,说明该基因非常保守。以上研究结果表明,UvSix1-1在病原菌侵染过程中发挥作用,研究结果为稻曲病菌效应蛋白的研究提供参考。